The Eucharist

The Eucharist is the crowning achievement of the well-known liturgical scholar, Alexander Schmemann. It reflects his entire life experience and thoughts on the Divine Liturgy, the Church’s central act of self-realization.  About the Author: Alexander Schmemann (+1983) was a prolific writer, brilliant lecturer, and dedicated pastor. Former dean and professor of liturgical theology at St Vladimir’s Orthodox Theological Seminary, his insight into contemporary culture and liturgical celebration left an indelible mark on the Christian community worldwide. Fr Alex has ordered several copies for the church.  Please contact him for a copy.  He will be reading the book aloud and then we will follow it with a weekly discussion.  A wonderful way to hear the faith filled words of Fr Schmemann and get great insights and knowledge into the Divine Liturgy that we celebrate each Sunday. If you want to order the book separately, the best place to get it is St Vladimir Seminary Bookstore. https://svspress.com/eucharist-the/

1. The Liturgy is not “just one” of the Sacraments.  It is THE sacrament of the Church.
2. Everyone altogether celebrates the Liturgy. We are all concelebrants.  There can be no such thing as “private parts” of the service. All the parts are for everybody.
3. The priest says the prayer and the people seal the prayer with the “Amen.”  We are all working together.  The priest cannot celebrate without the people.  All are praying, not just the priest. The Liturgy is not a symbolic show.  The words of the service explain what the meaning of the service is.
4. The building where the worship takes place is meant to reinforce the idea of the Liturgy as THE sacrament of the church, the assembly. The iconostasis is not meant to be a wall separating Clergy from laity.
5. We do not come to the Liturgy for individual prayer but to be the Church. Not coming to Liturgy excommunicates one from the Church (in theory).  Any understanding of “coming to church” for “special services” is completely foreign to the mindset of the church.
6. The People are an image of the Body of Christ and the priest is an image of the head of the body.  The priest is not separate from the body but part of the the body and the presider of the body.

1. The purpose of the Liturgy is to participate in the Kingdom of God.  And so we begin by announcing the Kingdom. “Blessed is the Kingdom…”  Liturgy is not to receive communion.  Receiving communion within the Liturgy is to bring us into the Kingdom.  
2. “Illustrative Symbolism” is not the way we should understand the Liturgy.  The parts of the Liturgy do not represent certain things as in a play, but rather we enter the reality of what we express in worship.
3. This understanding (which is western in origin) looks at worship as a different reality rather than entering the reality of God that always exists.
4. The real meaning of symbol and symbolism is not to illustrate something else.  In the Orthodox world, a symbol is something that helps us enter the reality of something else:
   1. The bread and wine for the Body of Christ.  
   2. Holy Unction brings us the grace of the Holy Spirit.
   3. When we understand symbol in this way, we can begin to see all of creation as symbol – a means to enter the Kingdom of God.
5. Our faith and worship are about our present reality as well as the future Kingdom.  The age to come is already in our midst.  The church is an experience of a new life.
6. Everything we are talking about is accomplished in and through the Holy Spirit.
7. The real meaning of symbol.  The symbol does not illustrate something but rather it manifests something and communicates what is manifested. A symbol makes no sense without faith.  The Spiritual participates in the Physical through symbol.
8. The Kingdom of God is the content of our Faith.  Jesus began his ministry by announcing that the Kingdom has drawn near.  The Kingdom of God is unity with God.  It is eternal life.  The Kingdom of God is now.  Many seem to think of the Kingdom as something only after we die.

09. The best symbol (manifestation and participation) of the Kingdom of God is the Eucharist, The Divine Liturgy.  With the weakening of the original meaning of symbol came growth in “Illustrative symbolism.” 10. Even with the development of unnecessary illustrative symbolism and allegories, the temple and iconography continue to manifest the Kingdom.  A simple faith does not need the additions.  Standing in the temple is standing in heaven. 11. By beginning the Liturgy with “Blessed is the Kingdom,” we acknowledge the Kingdom as our goal, our greatest value.  We have entered a “new” time, the time of the Kingdom.

Chapter 3 – The Sacrament of the Entrance

01. In the Liturgy, the Church ascends and enters into the Kingdom.  The “Little Entrance” was originally the beginning of the Liturgy, our first movement into the Kingdom.  It does not represent anything else such as Christ’s beginning to preach. Originally the Great Litany was after the Entrance.  The Antiphons were processional hymns on the way to the Church.  The Trisagion was the Entrance Hymn as all entered the Church.

02. This is not just of historical significance but shows the the Liturgy begins with Entrance – a movement into the Kingdom.  We separate ourselves from the world and enter the Kingdom. 03. The Great Litany

• We pray in Christ – as Christ prayed to the Father so now we are in Christ praying to the Father.
• God’s peace is given and we must accept
• May this peace spread
• The Church is witness in the world
• Unity is the aim of creation
• The condition of our genuine participation
• The unity of the faithful manifests the Body of Christ
• Our prayer extends and embraces the entire world
• Everything is commended to Christ, our life

04. The Antiphons – The Little Litanies and the three prayers, usually said now by the priest quietly.  Originally read aloud.

05. The Little Entrance

• Originally the beginning of the Liturgy
• Original sense is the entrance of the people, not just the clergy.
• Also originally it was the entrance into the Church, not the altar. 
• The prayer (usually said quietly) of the entrance gives the full meaning of entrance into heaven.

06. The altar is a symbol of Christ and his Kingdom.  Throughout the Liturgy there will be a movement towards the altar.  An ascent towards Christ.  In the Liturgy, we ascend to Christ, not Christ descending to us.  We ascend to heaven.  The descent is at the end of the Liturgy when we return to the world to witness to the Kingdom. 07. The Trisagion Holy God, Holy Mighty, Holy Immortal: God is Holy – The service does not explain what holiness is but reveals God’s holiness to us. We stand before the Holy. Continued movement:

• Outside to church doors
• Church to inside
• Inside to altar
• Altar to high Place

Chapter 4 – The Sacrament of the Word

01. The Liturgy has always been 2 parts

• The Word
  1. With reading of the scripture
  2. Preaching
• Eucharist

We ought not separate “Word” and “sacrament” as if the Eucharist is the only part that is sacrament and not the reading/preaching. 02. Originally, the area of the celebration of the Word was not at the altar but in the Nave, where the people gather.  The Altar was reserved for the Lord’s Supper only. The Clergy generally stood on the amvon area at all services except for the eucharist itself. The Gospel Book is a verbal Icon of Christ. Just as before the Eucharist, we have the offering of the gifts, before the reading we have the appearance of the Gospel in the Entrance. 03. Prokeimenon – Currently 2 or 3 verses from the Psalms.  Originally the whole Psalm sung antiphonally.  The Psalms hold a special place within the Old Testament.  We see the Psalms as not only the prayers of David but the prayers of Christ.

04. Epistle Reading

• Earlier Old Testament readings were read as well.  These have been reduced and moved to Vespers
• Readings are arranged with the understanding of daily services hence most of Bible not heard in weekend services
• Without an understanding of the Bible, all our services will remain incomprehensible
• Alleluia – Praise God – Sung to welcome the Gospel reading
• Censing and Prayer before Gospel (Epiklesis)

05. Homily

• Connected to scripture reading
• Proclaiming the Good News
• Assumes people are filled with the Holy Spirit to hear
• Tradition as the reading and hearing of the Scriptures in the Holy Spirit
• Amen

Chapter 5 – The Sacrament of the Faithful

01. Augmented Litany 

• Often omitted
• Simultaneously directed to the whole and to the personal
• Originally, augmented Litany was changeable based on current needs (now seen in Great Entrance prayer list)

02. Prayers for Catechumens

• Those preparing for baptism
• Usually baptisms were on the eve of Pascha
• Because of lack of catechumens, the litany and prayer has been omitted
• These prayers show the church as a missionary Church

03. The Faithful

• Closed Assembly
• The ordained – Clergy and Laity
• Participation?
• Wrong to identify Church with Clergy
• The Authority of Christ and the Obedience of Christ
• Laity are ordained to the ministry of Christ in the world

04. Antimension (Antimins)

• Connected to Bishop
• Permission to serve
• Unity of the Church
• What began as the exception became the rule
• The fulness of the parish is in conjunction with other parishes

Chapter 6 – The Sacrament of the Offering

01. Thirst for God and desire for Sacrifice

02. Sacrifice

• Sin is a rupture from God
• Fallen life cannot heal itself
• We are saved by Christ’s sacrifice
• We do not offer a new sacrifice
• Our Lives are a sacrifice as we offer ourselves to God

03. Proskomedi

• Preparation before Liturgy
• What is the meaning?

04. Proskomedi

• Originally whole Church participated
• Received by deacons
• A sacrifice of love

05. Offering

• We can serve the Liturgy only because the sacrifice has already been offered
• The bread and wine are referred to the Sacrifice of Christ

06. Commemorations

• Restoration
• Commemoration –
  • Not just remembering a few people
  • we immerse those we commemorate into life and forgiveness

07. The Order of the Great Entrance

• The Prayer
• The censing (and Ps 50)
• The Cherubic hymn
• The transfer (the entrance itself)
• The commemorations
• Placing gifts on the Altar
• Prayer of the Offering

08. The Prayer

• No one is worthy…
• Prayer for the priest
• Offered to Christ
• Priest is an image/icon of Christ
• False dichotomy between “validity” of sacrament and holiness of priest
• Priest is dependent on Christ and ought to seek grace
• The Priest must be aware of his unworthiness

09. Censing

• Discos not simply holding bread
• Not simply people in the assembly

10. The Hymn of the Offering

• The Cherubic Hymn is the most common
• A Royal Doxology
• Triumphant Royal Entrance
• With Jesus’ sacrifice, he establishes his reign
• We enter into the Glory of the age to come

11. The Great Entrance

• Bishop does not take part
• Only priest (or Bishop if present) places the gifts on the altar
• Deacon’s role gradually taken up by priest hence the participation of th priest in the Great Entrance
• Perhaps we could connect the collection with the offering since money is the usual sacrifice of the congregant
• Movement of bread and wine to altar is our movement to the table of the Lord
• It is the offering of each of us and so the entrance passes through the congregation
• What we offer is received by Christ and taken up into the Kingdom

12. The Lord God remember you…

• Prayer that God would remember is the heartbeat of worship
• Remembrance more than remembering an event
• We have forgotten the theology of memory

13. The Lord God remember you…

• Memory – man’s capacity to resurrect the past
• Discovery of its absence in the present
• But God’s memory of something makes it real
• It is when we remember God that we live
  • God’s remembrance of man is a gift of life
  • Man’s remembrance of God is the reception of that gift
• Sin – when man forgets God
• If memory is lifegiving, than forgetfulness is death

14. The Lord God remember you…

• Gradual restoration of our memory
• God’s remembrance of man fulfilled in man’s remembrance of God
• Christian faith – to remember Christ and keep him in mind – to be aware of his presence
• Remembrance of Christ is not a remembrance of the past but being with Christ now
• Worship is this remembrance

15. The Lord God remember you…

• And thus we remember each other in the Great Entrance as well as what is offered on the discos
• Whoever is in God’s memory is alive
• So we remember each other and offer them to Christ

01. The Kiss of Peace

• Let us love one another…
• From action to exclamation only
• Christian Love
  • Love enemies
  • Love directed outward
  • Love is revealed in God
• We go to church for love
• Love transforms the stranger into a brother

02. The Creed

• Originally found in the Baptism service
• In theory, only the faithful are present and recite the Creed
• The eucharist is the Sacrament of Unity, a manifestation, like the creed, of our unity

03. An individualist approach to faith is so common that people have lost the sense of the importance of unity 04. Why has unity ceased to be important?

• Faith replaced by spiritual feeling
• Faith is an inner struggle
• Religious feeling currently is most common
• Religious feeling does not want struggle, change, transformation

05. Fall of the word

• We need not the definition of words but the salvation of words
• The flaw of contemproary theology
• Faith precedes words

06.     An important word – Unity

• A divine word –    God is trinity
• Faith is the partaking of unity from above
• Today’s greatest danger is to substitute it with unity from below

07.     Unity from below

• Life comes from God.
  •   A unity from below is devoid of life.
  •   A unity from below is an idol
•   Whereas unity from above shines on what is below, unity from below actually continues to divide
• We must convert from the unity from below to the unity from above

08.     Confession of Faith – The Creed

• I believe…- The naming of the unity from above
• Also a judgement

Chapter 8 – The Sacrament of Anaphora

01.     Let us stand aright…

• Is the anaphora the “chief part” of the Liturgy?
• To see the liturgy this way is a reduction of the Liturgy
• Everything is sacrament, not simply this portion of the service
• Liturgy is a single (though multifaceted) rite

02.     Reduction of Liturgy and Anaphora to When and How

• Transubstantiation – essence and accidents
• Consecratory formula
  • Words of institution
  • Epiklesis
• Anaphora IS the chief part of the Liturgy, but not in isolation and separation from the rest
• Fulfillment

03.     Let us stand aright (good) – Στῶμεν καλῶς

• Good
• The word has fallen from original meaning
• Genesis 1:10
• The experience of the good

04.     First Exclamation

• The Blessing – The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God the Father, and the communion of the Holy Spirit, be with you all.
  • Our gathering is in Christ
  • Begins with Christ

05.     Second Exclamation

• Let us lift up our hearts
  • Eucharist accomplished in heaven
  • This heaven is within us
  • Also a warning

06.     Third Exclamation

• Let us give thanks to the Lord – It is meet and right
  • Traditional Hebrew prayer
  • Salvation is complete

Chapter 9 – The Sacrament of Thanksgiving

01.     Prayer of Thanksgiving

• Let us give thanks to the Lord – It is meet and right
  • Fragmentation of the prayer
  • Not originally silent
  • Different anaphora prayers exist but all united in faith and experience

02.     Prayer of Thanksgiving

• Service named after this chief part – Eucharist (Thanksgiving)
• Thanksgiving is the experience of Paradise

03.     Knowledge of God

• Not knowledge about God
• Thanksgiving is the sign (joy, presence, fulness) of the knowledge of God

04.     Knowledge of the world

• Humans called to this as well
• The world is a gift of God’s love
• Salvation of the world through thanksgiving and blessing

05.     Thanksgiving as Freedom

• Know about freedom rather than know freedom
• Christians have instituted freedom but then substituted it for something less
• The one who gives thanks becomes free

06.     Communion with the Father

• Calling God Father in spite of the otherness of God
• A fatherhood possessed only by God
• It is the Son who grants this to us

07.     The Fall

• Man’s ignorance of himself
• Thanksgiving restores man to its original purpose
  • Non-existence into being

08.     True man

• We are much more than we think
  • False humility
  • Sin is man’s falling away from himself
• Sinful life is not normal life,it is a fallen life
• Words stolen from God
• Thanksgiving restores us to the true heights

09.     Our restoration

• In Christ human nature is lifted to heaven

01.     The Last Supper

• remembrance (anamnesis)

02.     What is the meaning of Remembrance?

• False understanding – reduction
  • consecratory reference
  • Better to know what is happening rather than how
• Problem of separating
  • a)receiving communion from 
  • b)the service of the Liturgy

03.     Recent positive thrust

• From Scholastic reduction to historical reduction

04.     Back to remembrance

• We can never fully understand but we can get on the right path

05.     Remembrance understood within Thanksgiving

• The whole Liturgy is a remembrance of Christ
• Remembrance of the Kingdom is the reality of the Kingdom
• We “remember” but we also experience it “today”

06.     When the Liturgy is “only” about the Body and Blood of Christ, we reduce it 

• We are not aware of the presence of the Kingdom now
  • What was instituted was the Kingdom of God among us
  • And that is why we partake of the true Body and Blood of Christ

07.    The Eucharist and Golgotha

• Last supper not a means but a manifestation of the Kingdom

08.    The cross represents sin (Theomachy – the war against God)

• But also the means of the overcoming of sin
• The mystery of sin
  • with the exit of Judas, the history of sin begins its end
• judas, like Adam,
  •  rejects the kingdom
  • which leads to self-anihilation and death
• The mystery of victory
  • The kingdom which was manifested at the supper enters the world at the cross

09.    The Sacrifice of Christ

• Not simply the cross but a series of events together
• Sacrifice embraces Christ’s entire life
• Entire ministry of Christ is “the cross”

10.    Our Ascent to Heaven

• Through the cross (ie following Christ)

11.    Final thoughts on remembrance

• Thine own of Thine own

Chapter 11 – The Sacrament of the Holy Spirit

01.    Epiklesis – invocation of the Holy Spirit

• Not the consecratory formula but the completion

02.    The rupture

• Two Meanings of Liturgy
  • Unity and ascension
  • Individual sanctification
• Shown by the fact of the faith deciding on their own if they will receive or not

03.    The Many Parts of the Liturgy

• The Eucharist consists of
  • Preparation of the holy gifts
  • The Assembly
  • The Entrance
  • The Offering
  • The Anaphora
  • The Epiklesis
• The word sacrament
  • Originally not as limited
• From beginning to end Christ is with us

04.    The Question of Time

• Consecration
  • Gradually or at one moment?
  • Question is a result of scholastic theology
• Time
  • Liturgy served on Earth but accomplished in Heaven
  • Time (like the body) is created and good
  • But time (like the body) has fallen
  • The incarnation is also Christ entering time
  • A New Time has appeared
    • The New Time is living in the Holy Spirit
    • The World is the temple
    • All life is Liturgy

05.    Do this in remembrance of me

• The word “this”
• Commemorate
  • Remember
  • Live in what is commemorated
  • Confession, acceptance, experience
• We do not repeat or represent – We ascend

06.    Liturgy in the New Time

• Epiclesis is the whole liturgy
• The Change
  • Invisible
  • By the Holy Spirit
  • By Faith
  • Not measurable
  • Cannot be explained, only experienced
  • Mystical vs real vs symbolic

07.    Function of the Epiclesis

• Conclusion of the Remembrance
  • Not repetition
  • Manifestation
• Progression of different parts of the Liturgy
  • Not accomplishing different things
  • Manifesting parts of the whole thing
• Epiclesis not a separate act but the acceptance of what has been announced from the beginning – the partaking of Christ
• Holy Gifts not an object of adoration
• Purpose
  • Communion of the Holy Spirit
  • Fulfillment of the Kingdom

Chapter 12 – The Sacrament of Communion

01.    Changes in Liturgy over time

• Originally all the faithful partook
• Reduction to individualistic perception resulting in less people partaking
• “More frequent communion” vs fulfillment of our vocation in Christ
• Reduced to “one of the sacraments”

02.    Reasons for Infrequent communion

• Unworthiness
• Clericalization

03.    Preparation for Communion

• Has become private
• There are no “categories” of worshipers (i.e. prepared vs unprepared)
• Liturgy always understood that ALL faithful are communicants

04.    Prayer of intercession in Liturgy of St Basil the Great

• How we prepare for Communion

05.    What this prayer reveals

• Meaning of Preparation for Communion
  • Cosmic (World)
  • Ecclesiastical (Church)
  • Eschatalogical (Kingdom)

06.    What this prayer reveals (cont)

• Communal reinforced Personal
• Personal impossible without Communal
• Never a choice to receive or not
• No one is worthy
• “One is Holy”
• Lord’s Prayer is the Ultimate preparation

07.    Revival in Eucharist

• Dangers
  • Deeper Sacralization
  • Defects of current approach
    • Symbol became allegorical
    • Secret Prayers
    • Distinction between clergy and Laity during communion

08.    Conclusion

• Depart in Peace